Fish breathe underwater using gills, which are specialized respiratory organs that extract oxygen from water. Gills are located on the sides of a fish's head and are made up of thousands of tiny filaments that are rich in blood vessels.
As water flows over the gills, the oxygen in the water diffuses into the fish's bloodstream, while carbon dioxide and other waste products diffuse out of the bloodstream and into the water, which is then expelled from the fish through openings called gill slits.
Fish need a constant supply of oxygen to survive, so they continuously pump water over their gills by opening and closing their mouths or by using special pumping mechanisms in their gill chambers. This allows them to extract enough oxygen from the water to meet their metabolic needs.
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